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Recessive Genetic Defects: Difference between revisions

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Many genetic defects are recessive, and the reason for this is that mutant alleles often render the resulting protein nonfunctional. In many cases if an individual inherits a functioning allele of a gene from one parent, there is no phenotype associated with inheriting the nonfunctional mutant allele from the other parent. As such a heterozygous “Aa” animal, or carrier, appears normal. It is only when two carriers mate that they have the possibility of producing offspring that have by chance inherited both of the non-functional alleles from their parents. The example gene combinations that can occur with an autosomal recessive genetic condition are shown in Figure 4. Note that if this is a lethal genetic condition then all of the animals that are represented as solid black would not be alive and so the only possible matings would be between unaffected (green) and carrier (green and red) individuals.
[[Category:Selection and Mating]]
Many genetic defects are recessive, and the reason for this is that mutant alleles often render the resulting protein nonfunctional. In many cases if an individual inherits a functioning allele of a gene from one parent, there is no phenotype associated with inheriting the nonfunctional mutant allele from the other parent. As such a heterozygous “Aa” animal, or carrier, appears normal. It is only when two carriers mate that they have the possibility of producing offspring that have by chance inherited both of the non-functional alleles from their parents. The example gene combinations that can occur with an autosomal recessive genetic condition are shown in Figure 4. Note that if this is a lethal genetic condition, then all of the animals that are represented as solid black would not be alive and so the only possible matings would be between unaffected (green) and carrier (green and red) individuals.


'''Figure 4. Mating combinations possible with an autosomal recessive genetic condition.'''
'''Figure 1. Mating combinations possible with an autosomal recessive genetic condition.'''
[[File:Genetic_Condition_Mating.jpg]]
[[File:Genetic_Condition_Mating.jpg]]


All animals are carriers of mutations somewhere in their DNA for one or many recessive traits. Because an animal must inherit two copies of a given recessive mutation to be affected, and with only a few animals typically sharing the same mutation in the whole population, there is rarely a mating cross that has the potential to create affected offspring under natural selection. It is when relatives are mated that there is an increased possibility that offspring will inherit the mutant allele on both sides of the family tree. The Online Mendelian Inheritance in Animals (OMIA) is a catalogue/compendium of inherited disorders, other (single-locus) traits, and genes in 244 animal including an extended list of breed- defining characteristics, such as coat color, polledness, double- muscling and twinning. There are currently 523 total traits and disorders listed for cattle at this website. Table 1 lists the genetic conditions that are currently being monitored by U.S. breed associations
All animals are carriers of mutations somewhere in their DNA for one or many recessive traits. Because an animal must inherit two copies of a given recessive mutation to be affected, and with only a few animals typically sharing the same mutation in the whole population, there is rarely a mating cross between unrelated animals that has the potential to create affected offspring. It is when relatives are mated that there is an increased possibility that offspring will inherit the mutant allele on both sides of the family tree. The [http://omia.org Online Mendelian Inheritance in Animals (OMIA)] is a catalog/compendium of inherited disorders, other (single-locus) traits, and genes in 244 animal including an extended list of breed-defining characteristics, such as coat color, polledness, double muscling and twinning. There are currently 523 total traits and disorders listed for cattle at this website. Table 1 lists the genetic conditions that are currently being monitored by U.S. breed associations.


'''Table I. Recessive genetic conditions currently being monitored by U.S. breed associations.'''
For a more information on genetic conditions please visit: [https://beef-cattle.extension.org/managing-genetic-defects "Managing Genetic Defects"]. For a comprehensive list of genetic defects in cattle please visits [https://www.omia.org/results/?gb_species_id=9913&search_type=advanced&singlelocus=yes OMIA's cattle defects page]
 
'''Table 1. Selected recessive genetic conditions currently being monitored by U.S. breed associations. For a more complete discussion see [http://omia.org Online Mendelian Inheritance in Animals (OMIA)] '''


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
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| Contractural Arachnodactyly (CA)
| Contractural Arachnodactyly (CA)
| Angus
| Angus
| Nonlethal
| Yes
|-
| Delayed Blindness (DB)
| Hereford
| Nonlethal
| Nonlethal
| Yes
| Yes
Line 53: Line 61:
| Angus
| Angus
| Nonlethal
| Nonlethal
| Yes
|-
| Digital Subluxation (DS)
| Shorthorn
| Nonlethal (influenced by PHA genotype)
| Yes
| Yes
|-
|-
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|-
|-
| Hypotrichosis (hairless calf)
| Hypotrichosis (hairless calf)
|Hereford
| Hereford
| Nonlethal
| Nonlethal
| No
| Yes
|-
|-
| Factor XI Deficiency (F11)
| Factor XI Deficiency (F11)
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| Sterile female
| Sterile female
| Yes
| Yes
|-
| Glycogen Storage Disease V
| Red Angus
| Sometimes lethal
| TBD
|-
|-
| Idiopathic Epilepsy (IE)
| Idiopathic Epilepsy (IE)
| Hereford
| Hereford
| Nonlethal
| Nonlethal
| Yes
|-
| Mandibulofacial Dysostosis (MD)
| Hereford
| Lethal
| Yes
|-
| Maple Syrup Urine Disease (MSUD)
| Hereford
| Lethal
| Yes
| Yes
|-
|-
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| Lethal
| Lethal
| Yes (Red Angus)
| Yes (Red Angus)
|-
| Progressive Ataxia (PA)
| Charolais
| Lethal
| Yes
|-
|-
| Protoporphyria
| Protoporphyria

Latest revision as of 15:47, 6 June 2024

Many genetic defects are recessive, and the reason for this is that mutant alleles often render the resulting protein nonfunctional. In many cases if an individual inherits a functioning allele of a gene from one parent, there is no phenotype associated with inheriting the nonfunctional mutant allele from the other parent. As such a heterozygous “Aa” animal, or carrier, appears normal. It is only when two carriers mate that they have the possibility of producing offspring that have by chance inherited both of the non-functional alleles from their parents. The example gene combinations that can occur with an autosomal recessive genetic condition are shown in Figure 4. Note that if this is a lethal genetic condition, then all of the animals that are represented as solid black would not be alive and so the only possible matings would be between unaffected (green) and carrier (green and red) individuals.

Figure 1. Mating combinations possible with an autosomal recessive genetic condition.

All animals are carriers of mutations somewhere in their DNA for one or many recessive traits. Because an animal must inherit two copies of a given recessive mutation to be affected, and with only a few animals typically sharing the same mutation in the whole population, there is rarely a mating cross between unrelated animals that has the potential to create affected offspring. It is when relatives are mated that there is an increased possibility that offspring will inherit the mutant allele on both sides of the family tree. The Online Mendelian Inheritance in Animals (OMIA) is a catalog/compendium of inherited disorders, other (single-locus) traits, and genes in 244 animal including an extended list of breed-defining characteristics, such as coat color, polledness, double muscling and twinning. There are currently 523 total traits and disorders listed for cattle at this website. Table 1 lists the genetic conditions that are currently being monitored by U.S. breed associations.

For a more information on genetic conditions please visit: "Managing Genetic Defects". For a comprehensive list of genetic defects in cattle please visits OMIA's cattle defects page

Table 1. Selected recessive genetic conditions currently being monitored by U.S. breed associations. For a more complete discussion see Online Mendelian Inheritance in Animals (OMIA)

Genetic Abnormality Primary Breed(s) of Incidence Lethal or Nonlethal DNA Test Available
Alpha (α)-Mannosidosis (MA) Red Angus Lethal Yes
Arthrogryposis Multiplex (AM) Angus Lethal Yes
Beta (ß)-Mannosidosis Salers Lethal Yes
Bovine Blood Coagulation Factor XIII Deficiency (F13) Wagyu Nonlethal Yes
Chediak-Higashi Syndrome (CHS) Wagyu Nonlethal Yes
Claudin 16 Deficiency (CL16) Wagyu Nonlethal Yes
Contractural Arachnodactyly (CA) Angus Nonlethal Yes
Delayed Blindness (DB) Hereford Nonlethal Yes
Developmental Duplication (DD) Angus Nonlethal Yes
Digital Subluxation (DS) Shorthorn Nonlethal (influenced by PHA genotype) Yes
Dwawrfism (D2) Angus Nonlethal Yes
Bulldog Dwarfism (BD)/ (Chondrodysplasia) Dexter Lethal Yes
Erythrocyte Membrane Protein Band III Deficiency (Spherocytosis) (Band 3) Wagyu Often lethal Yes
Hypotrichosis (hairless calf) Hereford Nonlethal Yes
Factor XI Deficiency (F11) Wagyu Nonlethal Yes
Freemartin (FM) All Sterile female Yes
Glycogen Storage Disease V Red Angus Sometimes lethal TBD
Idiopathic Epilepsy (IE) Hereford Nonlethal Yes
Mandibulofacial Dysostosis (MD) Hereford Lethal Yes
Maple Syrup Urine Disease (MSUD) Hereford Lethal Yes
Neuropathic Hydrocephalus (NH) Angus Lethal Yes
Osteopetrosis (OS) Angus and Red Angus Lethal Yes (Red Angus)
Progressive Ataxia (PA) Charolais Lethal Yes
Protoporphyria Limousin Nonlethal Yes
Pulmonary Hypoplasia and Anasarca (PHA) Dexter, Maine-Anjou and Shorthorn Lethal Yes
Tibial Hemimelia (TH) Shorthorn and Maine-Anjou Lethal Yes